INMACULADA
SCHOOL 4th
ESO
ALICANTE
ENGLISH
DEPARTMENT
NAME
|
|
FORM
|
|
UNIT
3
|
All
through the unit you'll be working the following:
BASIC
SKILLS
|
Competencias en comunicación lingüística |
Vocabulary,
pág. 33, sección Word
Power, págs. 34
y 38, sección Real English,
pág. 40, del Student’s Book:
vocabulario relacionado con los inventos y los verbos para dar
instrucciones; las
familias de palabras; expresiones útiles y/o frases idiomáticas.
Reading,
págs. 35 y 38-39, Grammar,
págs. 36-37, Advance
Your Language,
pág. 39, sección Advance
Your Exam Skills,
pág. 43 y sección Real
World Extra,
págs. 126-127: un
reportaje sobre tres inventos para participar en una encuesta, un
artículo científico sobre los viajes en el tiempo, un texto
sobre carne creada en laboratorios, un texto sobre
teletransportación, un texto sobre implantes dentales para avisar
de las llamadas de teléfono, un texto sobre papel magnético para
decorar taquillas y tres textos sobre tres monumentos antiguos de
los que se cree que se utilizó tecnología moderna para
construirlos.
Grammar,
págs. 36-37 y sección Advance
Your Language,
pág. 39: comunicarse empleando las oraciones condicionales y las
oraciones temporales.
Listening,
pág. 34 y sección Real
English, pág.
40: comprensión de una conversación sobre inventos y los planes
para llevar a cabo un proyecto.
Speaking
y Over to you,
pág. 34, Grammar,
pág. 37, sección Real
English, pág.
41 y sección Advance
Your Exam Skills,
pág. 44: participación en conversaciones y simulaciones con el
compañero/a para hacer sugerencias, para hablar de preferencias
por los distintos inventos que se explican en un texto, expresar
condiciones e hipótesis, llegar a acuerdos y dar instrucciones.
Pronunciation,
en la sección Say
It Right!, pág.
41:entonación correcta de las palabras poniendo el acento en la
sílaba correcta.
Writing,
en la sección Real
English, pág.
42, en la sección Advance
Your Exam Skills,
pág. 127 del Student’s
Book: expresión
escrita de un ensayo de opinión sobre un invento importante, de
un e-mail para cambiar el día de una cita, de un párrafo sobre
un monumento o lugar misterioso, utilizando las expresiones y
vocabulario adecuados.
|
Competencia
en el conocimiento y la interacción con el mundo físico
|
Reading,
págs. 35 y 38-39: comprensión e interpretación correcta de
información relacionada con los ámbitos científico y
tecnológico.
Writing,
en la sección Real
English, pág.
42: reflexión y expresión de información relacionada con
inventos que suponen avances para la sociedad.
|
Tratamiento
de la información y competencia digital
|
Writing,
en la sección Real
English, pág.
42: muestra de autonomía, eficacia, responsabilidad y reflexión
al seleccionar y hacer uso de la información y sus fuentes.
Speaking,
págs. 34, Grammar,
pág. 37, sección Real
English, pág.
41 y sección
Advance Your Exam Skills,
pág. 44: respeto por las normas de conducta en clase en
interacciones con el profesor/a o con los compañeros/as al usar
la información y sus fuentes.
|
Competencia social y ciudadana |
Mantenimiento de una actitud constructiva y solidaria
ante la información que se presenta y ante las interacciones en
el aula.
Reading,
pág. 35: un texto con información y datos sobre temas
relacionados con la sociedad y cómo esta puede verse afectada por
los avances tecnológicos.
Grammar, pág.
36: interés por conocer datos científicos relacionados con la
fabricación de carne en laboratorios.
Grammar,
pág. 37: invención y fabricación de un aparato que serviría
para teletransportarse.
Reading,
pág. 38-39: invención
y fabricación de un aparato que serviría para viajar en el
tiempo.
Advance Your Language, pág.
39: interés por conocer datos sobre un supuesto invento
consitente en un receptor de llamadas silencioso a través de un
implante dental.
Advance Your Exam Skills, pág.
43: interés por conocer información sobre un papel magnético.
|
Competencia cultural y artística |
Reading,
pág. 34: situación de Japón, Inglaterra y Estados Unidos en un
mapa.
Real World Extra, págs.
126-127: curiosidad por conocer el misterioso modo en que se
construyeron tres famosos monumentos.
Advance Your Language,
pág. 39: interés por conocer el uso de un práctico invento.
Advance Your Exam Skills,
pág. 43: curiosidad por conocer distintas formas de decorar y
personalizar taquillas.
|
Competencia para aprender a aprender |
Uso
de estrategias, recursos y técnicas de trabajo intelectual para
aprender y ser consciente de las propias capacidades y
conocimientos a través de las secciones Task
y Advance
Your Language
situadas en cada unidad del
Student’s Book.
|
Autonomía
e iniciativa personal
|
Speaking,
págs. 34, Grammar,
pág. 37, sección Real
English, pág.
41, Writing,
pág. 42, Advance
Your Exam Skills,
págs. 43-44: uso de
la creatividad personal a la hora de producir textos escritos y
orales a partir de modelos dados.
Writing,
en la sección Real
English, pág.
42 y en la sección Advance
Your Exam Skills,
pág. 44: desarrollo organizativo a la hora de presentar un
trabajo escrito.
Fomento del trabajo cooperativo en el aula.
|
EXTRA
RESOURCES
VOCABULARY:
Inventions
-
-
GRAMMAR:
The Conditional and Time Clauses
READING:
The Time Traveller
-
REVIEW
1
-
Message
in a Bottle: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0e2CuyIG7x8
GRAMMAR:
The Conditionals. Time clauses.
CONDITIONAL CLAUSE (If)
MAIN CLAUSE (Result)
EXEMPLES
FIRST
CONDITIONAL
(probable)
If / Unless +
Present
Will
modal
Present
Imperative
If you exercise, you will feel better.
Unless you change your diet, you can't lose
weight.
If you eat less, you lose weight.
If you want it, take it.
SECOND
CONDITIONAL
(improbable)
If + Past
Would
could + root of verb
might
If I were you, I would eat it.
If I went on a diet, I would/ could lose weight.
THIRD
CONDITIONAL
(impossible)
If + Past Perfect
Would
could have + past part.
might
If you had asked me, I would have cooked you a
meal.
If you had followed a diet, you could/might have
lost weight.
The
first
conditional
is used to talk about the future or facts which are true in the
present and future.
The
second
conditional
refers to hypothetical situations (contrary to the present
situation). It is also used to give advice and express hopes and
ambitions.
The
third
conditional
always refers to unfulfilled conditions in the past (contrary to what
really happened).
Note: In the first and seond
conditionals, modals can be used in the conditional (if) clause in
their present and past forms – in the same way as we use verbs:
-
if I can fix this bicycle, I
will drive it to school
-
if I could use a computer, I
would find a better job.
Temporal
clauses:
In addition to if
and unless,
there are other words that are not followed by the future tense.
These words include: before,
after, when/whenever, until/till, by the time, once, the moment that,
as soon as, as long as.
These words are followed by the Present Simple even when we talk
about the future.
When
you are ready, we will leave.
Until you are ready, we
won't leave.
Before you leave, could you
tidy your room?
Whenever I go on holiday, I
buy souvenir.
Message
in a Bottle: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0e2CuyIG7x8
CONDITIONAL CLAUSE (If) | MAIN CLAUSE (Result) | EXEMPLES |
|
FIRST
CONDITIONAL
(probable)
|
If / Unless +
Present
|
Will modal Present Imperative |
If you exercise, you will feel better. Unless you change your diet, you can't lose weight. If you eat less, you lose weight. If you want it, take it. |
SECOND
CONDITIONAL
(improbable)
|
If + Past
|
Would could + root of verb might |
If I were you, I would eat it. If I went on a diet, I would/ could lose weight. |
THIRD
CONDITIONAL
(impossible)
|
If + Past Perfect
|
Would could have + past part. might |
If you had asked me, I would have cooked you a
meal. If you had followed a diet, you could/might have lost weight. |
if I can fix this bicycle, I
will drive it to school
if I could use a computer, I
would find a better job.
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES TYPE 1
Put the verbs into the correct tenses:
1.lf I see him I (give) hím a lift.
2.The table will collapse if you (stand) on it.
3.if you eat all that you (be) ill.
4.lf I find your passport i (telephone) you at once.
5.The police (arrest) him if they catch him.
6.If you read in bad light you (ruin) your eyes.
7.Someone (steal) your car if you leave it unlocked.
8.What will happen if my parachute (not open) ?
9.lf you mow the grass I (give) l0 €,
10.I (lend) you my pearls if you take care of them.
11.if you (not go) away I 'll send for the police.
12.I (be) very angry if yaur dogs bite me again.
13.If he (be) Iate we'il go without him
14.She wíll be absolutely furious if she (hear) about this.
15.If you put on the kettle I (make) the tea,
16.If you gibe my dog a bone he (bury) it at once.
17.If we leave the car here it (not bei in anybody's way.
18.He'll be late for the train if he (not start) at once.
19.if you come late they (not let) you in.
20.If you tell any more lies I (be) very angry indeed.
21.Unless you work very hard you (not be) successful.
22.We'll have to move upstairs if the river (rise) any higher.
23.If I lend you 20 € when (repay) me?
24.If he (work) hard today can he have a holiday tomorrow?
25.Ice (turn) to water if you heat it.
26.If the house (catch) fire we'lI rebuild it.
27.If you (not like) this one I'll bring you another.
28.Unless you are more careful you (have) an accident.
29.Tell him to ring me up if you (see) him.
30.If I tell you a secret, you (promise) not to telI it to anyone?
31.If you (not believe) what I say, ask your mother.
32.You (buy) the house if ycu like it?
33.If you sit down I (make) e cup of tea.
34.Unless I have a quiet room I (not be able) to do any work.
35.Unless you pay him regularly he (not work) for you at all.
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES TYPE 2
Put the verbs into the correct tenses:
1 .if I had a typewriter I (type) it myself.
2.If I knew his address I (give) it to you.
3.He (took) a lot better if he shaved more often.
4.If you played for lower stakes you (not fose) so much.
5.If he worked more slowly he (not make) so many mistakes.
6.More tourists (come) to this country if it had a better climate.
7.I shouldn't drink that wine if I (be) you.
8.If I were sent to prison, you (visit) me?
9.If someone gave you a helicopter, what (do) with it?
10.I (buy) shares in that company if I had some money.
11.If he (clean) his windscreen he'd be able to see where he was going.
12.If you drove your car into the ríver, you (be able) to get out?
l3.Conversation would become Ímpossible if everyone {say) exactly what he thought.
14.If I (win) a big prize in a lottery I'd give up my job.
15.What you (do) if a burglar came into your room?
16.I could tell you what this means if I (know) Greek.
17.If everyone gave one pound we (have) enough.
18.He might get fat if he (stop) smoking.
19.If he knew that it was dangerous he (not come)
20.If you saw somebody drowning, what you (do)
21.I (be) ruined if i bought her everything she wants.
22.Íf you slept under a mosquito net you (not be) stung so often.
23.I could get a job easily if I (have) a degree.
24.If he (do) her hair differently she might look quite nicer,
25.If we had more rain our crops (grow) better.
26.The whole machine (fall) to pieces if you removed that screw.
27.I (keep) a horse if I could afford it.
28.I'd ask him to dinner if he (be) more amusing.
29.If you moved your bed out of the hail it (be) easier to get into the house.
30.I (offer) to help if I thought that I'd be any use.
31.What would you do if the lift (get ) stuck between two floors?
32.It (make) a great difference to the room if you painted each wall a different colour,
33.I (not go) there if I were you.
34.If you knew that you had only six weeks more to live. how you (spend) those six weeks?
35.You wouldn't have so much trouble with your car if you (have) it served regularly.
CONDITIONAL SENTENCES TYPE 3
Put the verbs into the corect tenses:
1.If I had known thay you were in hospitat I (visit) you.
2.If the captain had been more careful his ship (not be) sunk.
3.If you (arrive) ten minutes earlier you would have got a seat.
4.You would have seen my garden at its best if you (be) here last week.
5.But for his quickness I (be) killed.
6.I shouldn't have believed it if I (not see) myself.
7.ff he had slipped he (fall) 500 metres,
B.If he had asked you, you (accept)
9.The burglars (not do) se much damage if you hadn't locked all the drawers,
10.If I (know) that you were coming I'd have baked a cake.
11.I (offer) to help him if i had realized that he was ill.
12.If you had teft that bee alone it (sting) you.
13.If I (realize) what a bad driver }.üu $rere I wouldn't have come with you.
14.lf I had realized that the traffic lights were red i (stop)
15.But for the fog we (reach) our destinatíon ages ago.
16.If you'd told me that he never paid his debts I (not tend)
17.if you (not sneeze) he wouldn't have known that we were there.
18.If you (put) some mustard in the sandwiches they would have tasted better.
19.The hens (not get) into the house if you had shut the door.
20.If he had known that the river was dangerous he (not try) swim across it.
21.If you (speak) more slowly he might have understood you.
22.If he had known the whole story he (not be) so angry.
23.I shouldn't have eaten it if I (know) there was garlic in it.
24.If I (try) again I think that I would have succeeded.
25.you (not get) into trouble if you had obeyed my instructions.
26.If you hadn't been in such a hurry you (not put) sugar into the sauce instead of salt.
27.if I (be) ready when he called he would have taken me with him.
28.I (catch) the train quite easily if I hadn't been wearing tight new shoes.
29.If she had listened to my directions she (not turn) down the wrong street.
30.If you (look) at the engine for a moment you would have seen what was missing.
REVISION
TESTS UNIT 3
LEVEL
1
Vocabulary
1. Match the
words in A with their meanings in B.
A B
1.calculate …... a. write your name
2.hide b. describe something or someone in a particular way
3.portray c. very small
4.sign d. understand
5.microscopic e. put something in a place where no one can see it
6.make sense of f. use maths to discover the amount of something
2. The words
in bold are in the wrong sentences. Write them next to the correct
sentences.
1.We represent
water before drinking it. …………………
2.I identify
where Dave is going. …………………
3. Our school has got lockers
for students to include
books and other things. …………………
4. The museum uses special
lights that help filter
these delicate old paintings. …………………
5.All of the meals store
bread and a salad. …………………
6.This mirror is so old that it
doesn’t preserve
well any more. …………………
7.Two students will wonder
our class at the school meeting. …………………
8.At the cinema, they transmit
films onto a big screen. …………………
9. Do you know how they project
television and radio programmes? …………………
10.The police found the little
girl but no one could reflect
her. …………………
3. Complete
the words in the sentences.
1. Before the invention of the m … … … … … … … p,
computers were enormous.
2. Surgeons use l … … … … b … … … … to do some
operations.
3. He can’t see well. He’s got bad v … … … … n.
4. I can see your r … … … … … … … … n in the mirror.
5. When we i … … … … … e something, we think about what it
might be like.
6. Today’s mobile phones are much more a … … … … … … d
than five years ago.
7. DVD cameras r … … … … d sound and images.
4. Choose the
correct answer.
1. Do you want to take a rain check / come round / set
up dates this evening? We could watch a film on TV.
2. The boats must be careful and avoid the large ash / mud
/ rocks near the coast.
3. James doesn’t eat a lot of carbohydrates / protein
/ calories like bread and pasta.
4. We all hit / hid / stored, and shouted
“Surprise!” when Becky walked in.
5. Experts knew it would rain but hadn’t warned / predicted
/ put out such a big storm.
6. You need a longer pair of flip-flops / jeans /
blouses because you’ve got long legs.
7. I imagined / wondered / searched for Joni
all over town but I didn’t find her.
8. I’ve been busy every night this week, so I’d like to stay
in / make plans / go out tonight and watch TV.
9. Welcome back! / Congratulations! / Good luck!
Did you have a nice trip?
10. If we turn right on Madison Avenue, we’ll be going south. We
want to go east / north / west, so we should
turn left.
Grammar
1. Complete
the sentences. Use the Zero, First or Second Conditional.
1.
Unless you ………………… (water) plants, they die.
2.
Robert would have more friends if he ………………… (not be)
so shy.
3.
If Sam ……………… (finish) his homework soon, will he watch
the DVD with us?
4.
I hate sharing my room. If I had my own room, I ……… (keep) it
clean.
5.
If we go to the concert, we ………………… (see) you there.
2. Write
sentences with the words below. Use the Third Conditional.
1. you
/ enjoy / the party / if / you / come
…..........................................................................................
2. if
/ my phone / not be cheap / I / not buy it
…...........................................................................................
3. what
/ you / tell her / if / she / ask / you
…..........................................................................................
4. if
/ the bus / be late / I / not be / here / on time
…...........................................................................................
5. I
/ probably / get / a higher mark / if / I / study / more
…............................................................................................
3. Choose TWO
correct answers.
1.
When / If / Once I need help, I ask Jane.
2.
It will be dark when / unless / by the time we
get home.
3.
I think you’ll like Steve once / after / before
you get to know him better.
4.
I won’t borrow your MP3 player before / if / unless
I ask you.
5.
Important news is reported online the moment / as soon as
/ by the time it happens.
4. Complete
the sentences with the verbs in brackets. Use the Zero, First, Second
or Third Conditional or a time clause.
1. If you ……………………… (read) this more carefully, you
wouldn’t have got the answer wrong.
2.
Do you think Julia ……………………… (look) better if she
had short hair?
3.
What ……………… you ………………… (do) after school
if you haven’t got any
homework?
4.
You won’t be warm enough unless you ………………………
(wear) a sweater.
5.
My dog ………………… (start) barking the moment she hears my
key in the door.
5. Choose the
correct answers.
Many people 1.
which / who / when want to help the
environment put their clothes outside to dry. But 2.
before / when / unless you live in a
rainy climate, this isn’t always possible. A few years ago, Roger
Hind 3.
decided / has decided / had decided to
find a way to protect his family’s clothes from the rain. So, he
made a washing line 4.
where / who / that was covered by an
umbrella. Friends and neighbours 5.
have never seen / had never seen / never see
this type of washing line 6.
somewhere / nowhere / anywhere
before and they wanted one just like it. Hind called his invention
the Rotamate and he began selling it. Since then, his company 7.
has sold / is selling / sold hundreds of
them. Unless it suddenly 8.
is stopping / stops / will stop raining,
the company 9.
will probably be / would probably be / would
probably have been very successful. If you lived in a rainy
climate, 10.
will you buy / would you have bought / would
you buy one?
LEVEL
2
Vocabulary
1. Match A to
B to form sentences.
A B
1. You can project a. the amount correctly. It should be £7,
not £10.50.
2. You can’t hide b. water before drinking it.
3. I wonder c. water on most maps.
4. Many people filter d. my skis in the garage most of the
year.
5. I store e. the environment.
6. It’s important to preserve f. the film on the screen.
7. You must sign g. from me. I will find you.
8. Colour blue represents h. what those people
are talking about.
9. She didn’t calculate i. light so you can see an image of
yourself.
10. Mirrors reflect j. your passport before you use it.
2. Write words
which match the definitions below.
1.the opposite of dangerous
…………………
2.an expression that means
don’t want to
………………………
3.You say this if someone
thanks you. ………………………
4. You say this when you want
someone to write to you or call you. ……………………
5.a synonym for help
…………………
6.to die under water …………………
7.to store information so you
can hear it again …………………
8.an image seen in a mirror
…………………
9.a synonym for fashionable
…………………
10.jewellery worn on your
finger …………………
3. Complete
the text with the words below.
make
sense of • survivors • coast • flood • sensible •
identify • sound good • include • homeless • continents
|
At the ThinkQuest International
Competition, participants 1.…………………
students from different 2.…………………
in the world. Students who want to participate must first 3.…………………
a real-life problem that they want to solve and then try to educate
other students about it. Projects can be about anything, from climate
change to ways to help local 4.…………………
people. In areas where there has been a natural disaster such as a
5.…………………
, students may try to find ways to improve communication between
rescue workers and 6.…………………
. In past competitions, participants created games to help students
7.…………………
maths and designed a website about living a healthy lifestyle –
8.…………………
eating and regular exercise. Do any of these ideas 9.…………………
to you? Then maybe you should enter this amazing competition. The
winner gets a trip to San Francisco, on the west 10.…………………
of the United States.
4. Complete
the sentences with the words below. There are more words than you
need.
struck •
trapped • put out • went out • injured • collapsed •
laser beams • microchip
landmark • vision • portrayed • predict • casual • missing • represent • imagine |
1. Earlier today, a lift broke
in the Empire State Building, a famous 1.…………………
in New York City. People in the lift were 2.…………………
for over an hour. Nobody was 3.…………………
in the incident.
2. Last night, we 4.…………………
with friends to see a film that 5.…………………
the life of fashion designer Coco Chanel, who designed 6.…………
clothes for women.
3. Doctors now use 7.…………
to perform eye operations to improve 8.…………………
4. If you put a 9.…………
inside your dog, you will find him if he is 10.…………………
Grammar
1. Complete
the text with the verbs in brackets. Use the Zero, First, Second or
Third Conditional or a time clause.
In the 1970s, an executive for
Sony, who had to travel a lot for business, thought his flights
1.……………………
(be) more pleasant if he 2.………………………
(have) a way to listen to his favourite music on the aeroplane. He
invented the Sony Walkman.In the 1980s, a six-year-old girl won a
contest for inventing a cat treat in the shape of a spoon. She
3.……………………
(not think) of the idea if she 4.……………………
(not hate) washing spoons.How do new inventors come up with new
ideas? One inventor said, “When I 5.……………………
(not like) how something works, I 6.………………… (think) of ways to improve it. I often draw pictures of strange things. If you 7.…………………… (do) this a lot, it 8.……………………… (help) you to see things in a new way.”What problem 9.……………………… you .……………………… (try) to solve if you 10.……………………… (be) an inventor?
(not like) how something works, I 6.………………… (think) of ways to improve it. I often draw pictures of strange things. If you 7.…………………… (do) this a lot, it 8.……………………… (help) you to see things in a new way.”What problem 9.……………………… you .……………………… (try) to solve if you 10.……………………… (be) an inventor?
2. Correct the
errors.
1.
I will do my homework as soon as I will get home.
2. If you won £1
million, what will you do with it?
3. I met a boy who
his dad is an inventor.
4. The
microchip, that was invented in the 1950s, has changed our lives.
5.
Don’t call before noon. I will sleep all morning.
3. Complete the
text with one word in each blank.
People 1.…………………
are concerned about the environment put their clothes outside to dry.
2.………………… you
live in a rainy climate, this isn’t always practical. When he
3.………………… 19
years old, Roger Hind decided to do 4.…………………
which would solve this problem. He invented a washing line 5.…………………
was covered by an umbrella. Friends and neighbours 6.…………………
never seen this special washing line before, and they wanted one just
like it. Hind called his invention the Rotamate and he began selling
it. His company 7.…………………
sold hundreds of Rotamates since then. 8.…………………
it suddenly stops raining, the company 9.…………………
probably be very successful. If you lived in a rainy climate,
10.………………… you
buy a Rotamate?
4. Complete
the second sentence so it means the same as the first. Use no more
than three words. There may be more than one correct answer.
1.
No one got 100 in maths.
There wasn’t …………………………… got 100 in maths.
2.
I won’t go to the party unless you go.
I wont go to the party if you …………………………… .
3.
When they arrive, we will eat.
We will eat …………………………… as they arrive.
4.
We are going to study all afternoon.
At 4 pm, we …………………………… studying.
5.
We started cleaning three hours ago.
We …………………………… for three hours.
Write an opinion essay about cable television. State your opinion
about this invention and give facts and examples to support your
opinion.
Listen to the conversation between Philip and Brenda. Then
complete the sentences.
1. Brenda’s
science project is about ………………… .
2. Brenda
is going to participate in a competition in ………………… .
3. The
International Science and Engineering Fair is in …………………
.
4. The
participants in the International Fair come from ………………
countries.
5. The
first prize in the International Fair is ………………… .
Speaking
1. Complete
the sentences in the chart with your suggestions for weekend plans.
My
Partner’s
|
Responses
|
|||||
My Suggestions
|
That’s
a great idea.
|
I
don’t
mind ... |
I
don’t think so.
|
I’d
rather not.
|
That’s
a terrible idea.
|
|
1. Let’s
|
||||||
2. Why don’t
we
|
||||||
3. Maybe we
should
|
||||||
4. How about
|
||||||
5. We can
|
2. Then tell
your partner your suggestions and find out what he / she thinks of
your ideas. Tick his / her response in the chart.
Reading: read the text and do the exercises that follow.
5 10 15 20 |
We think of robots as modern inventions, but people
have imagined and created versions of these machines for
centuries. There were clocks with moving figures in Ancient
Greece. In the late 1400s, Leonardo da Vinci drew plans for a
mechanical humanoid robot, but we don’t know if he ever built
one. Complicated mechanical figures were built in the 1700s, and
in 1818 a humanoid robotic figure appeared in the novel
Frankenstein by
Mary Shelley.
The word “robot” comes from the Czech word for
“hard work”. But it wouldn’t have become popular if Czech
writer Karel Capek hadn’t written a play called Rossum’s
Universal Robots. First produced in the
1920s, the play was about artificial people, or robots, that rebel
against humans. It was so successful that the word “robot” has
been used everywhere since then.
The invention of the microchip in the 1950s helped
the robotics industry continue to develop. By the early 1960s,
there were special robots for factory work, space exploration and
medical interventions. These were not humanoid robots – they
were mechanical arms controlled by a computer.
Later, scientists created Shakey, a very special
robot. Shakey was the first moving robot that could interpret and
store information from its environment. That was the beginning of
artificial intelligence, or making a computer “think” like a
person.
Since Shakey’s creation over 40 years ago, robots
have become much more advanced. There are now robotic arms that
are precise enough to be used for delicate medical operations.
There are robots that explore volcanoes and oceans, and robotic
vacuum cleaners and pets. And in Japan, humanoid robots are being
used in classrooms and offices. As soon as an invention succeeds,
it usually becomes popular around the world.
If
the Japanese experience continues to be positive, robots will
probably soon become more common in other countries as well. If
Leonardo da Vinci were here, he would be amazed by our progress!
He would also be thrilled if he knew that someone finally built
the robot that he had designed. In 2002, Mark Rosheim, a NASA
engineer, built a robot based on Leonardo’s drawings – and it
worked perfectly.
|
1. How did the
following people contribute to the development of the robot?
1.The people of Ancient Greece .
2.Leonardo da Vinci .
3.Mary Shelley .
4.Karel Capek .
5.Mark Rosheim .
2. Answer the
questions.
1. What does the word “robot” mean?
2. What happened in the 1950s that helped the robotics industry
develop?
3. In what two ways did Shakey “think” like a person?
3. Find
antonyms in the text for the words below.
1. destroyed (lines 1-6)
2. natural (lines 7-11)
3. fails (lines 19-23)
4. rare (lines 24-28)
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